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Photobiomodulation (PBM), sometimes referred to as low-level light therapy, is a form of light therapy that uses specific wavelengths of red and near-infrared (NIR) light to stimulate cellular function. It is non-invasive and has been clinically studied for its ability to enhance tissue recovery, reduce inflammation, and improve circulation. In this article, we’ll dive deep into how photobiomodulation works in the context of light therapy.
Photobiomodulation works at the cellular level, where mitochondria—the energy centers of cells—absorb light energy. This absorption stimulates the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule responsible for storing and transferring energy in cells. By boosting ATP production, PBM enhances cellular function and supports the body’s natural recovery processes.
PBM also supports faster recovery by enhancing cellular communication. Cells rely on signaling molecules to coordinate responses to injury, inflammation, and metabolic demands. PBM facilitates improved communication between cells, promoting regulation and efficiency of biological processes.
PBM operates within a wavelength range of 600–1000 nanometers (nm), which includes both red light and near-infrared light wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum. Red light waves are visible to humans, while infrared wavelengths are just past what the human eye can visually perceive. There is some overlap in the benefits of each of these light therapies, but they differ in the depth that they can penetrate the skin and tissues and in how they interact with the key biomarkers.
Red light (600–700 nm) primarily affects the surface layers of the skin. It is commonly used in dermatological applications, as it stimulates collagen production and helps reduce signs of aging and scarring. This makes red light therapy popular in skincare and beauty treatments for improving skin elasticity and texture.
Near-infrared light (700–1000 nm), on the other hand, penetrates deeper into the body’s muscles and tissues. This deeper penetration makes NIR light particularly effective for enhancing blood flow and circulation, as well as supporting muscle recovery. Studies have shown that infrared light can increase blood flow, which helps the body recharge faster following fatigue.
PBM has been evaluated for its potential benefits in various health and wellness applications, including:
The physiological results are derived from the combined effects of red light and infrared light wavelengths, but are primarily rooted in PBM’s ability to increase local circulation. Unlike pharmaceutical pain relievers and other interventions which can have side effects, PBM offers a non-invasive and drug-free alternative to improving overall well-being.
PBM can be administered through several methods, each designed for specific applications and levels of penetration. Some of the most widely used forms include:
LED LIGHT PANELS & BEDS
PBM can be delivered using large LED panels or full-body light therapy beds, which emit red and near-infrared light over a broad surface area. These treatments are often found in wellness centers, recovery clinics, and high-performance athletic training facilities. LED panels and beds allow users to receive light exposure across the entire body. Many individuals use these treatments to improve full-body wellness, skin rejuvenation, and post-exercise recovery.
HANDHELD PBM DEVICES
Handheld PBM devices are portable tools that emit red and near-infrared light for targeted application. These devices are commonly used for joint support and muscle recovery. Because they are compact and easy to use, handheld PBM devices are popular among athletes, physical therapists, and individuals looking for an on-the-go solution to localized fatigue or discomfort.
INFRARED SAUNAS & INFRARED-EMBEDDED TEXTILES
Infrared saunas and infrared textiles are not technically considered to be photobiomodulation due to the fact that PBM specifically involves a combination of red and near-infrared at controlled wavelengths. This means, while all PBM involves infrared light, not all infrared light therapies qualify as PBM—some, like far-infrared saunas, work by combining heat-based mechanisms with infrared light exposure. Many people find that using an infrared sauna after a workout or at the end of the day enhances recovery and reduces muscle stiffness.
Additionally, infrared-embedded textiles, such as clothing or bedding infused with infrared-reflecting materials, are gaining popularity for their ability to deliver passive light therapy benefits. These textiles offer an alternative light therapy innovation, adjacent to PBM, that reflects body heat back as infrared light, promoting local circulation and cellular oxygenation.
Ongoing research continues to expand our understanding of PBM’s potential. Scientists are investigating its effects on a range of conditions, including cardiovascular health, immune function, and metabolic disorders. As technology advances, new PBM applications are emerging, making this therapy more accessible to a wider audience.
One of the most exciting areas of innovation is the development of wearable infrared technology and home-use PBM devices. These innovations allow individuals to experience the benefits of PBM without the need for clinical visits, making light therapy more convenient and integrated into daily life.
As scientific interest in PBM grows, its applications in both clinical and consumer wellness settings are likely to expand. The future of PBM holds promise for enhancing health, optimizing recovery, and improving quality of life through the power of light therapy.
CELLIANT® is full-spectrum infrared technology that can be embedded into textiles, transforming everyday products into wellness solutions. If you are interested in incorporating the benefits of infrared light therapy into your products, get in touch with our team by filling out the form below.
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